Linda Coombs, 71, an Aquinnah Wampanoag museum educator who also participated in Listening to Wampanoag Voices: Beyond 1620 and briefs teachers on Native American perspectives of U.S. history, believes the violence after that mythical Thanksgiving meal has to be faced head on. Since then, Peters, a Mashpee Wampanoag tribe member, has promoted education about the real history behind the Thanksgiving holiday. Massasoit has gone through a bit of a rebrand in the ensuing centuries to be painted as the “protector and preserver” of the Pilgrims — as it says on the statue dedicated to him overlooking Plymouth Rock. You can unsubscribe at any time. “Yet when we talk about it, there’s zero empathy. It doesn’t start there because those things never happened, despite being immortalized in American mythos for generations. permanent protection through an act of Congress. “I think the only way forward is to understand the history the way that it happened,” Steven Peters, a spokesman for the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, said. Massasoit weighed the risks and concluded it was better to have the danger on his side than have to face it. The Wampanoag weren’t invited to this feast originally, according to Tim Turner, Cherokee, manager of Plimoth Plantation’s Wampanoag Homesite and co-owner of Native Plymouth Tours. The Wampanoag also have a family meal on the federal holiday, but it’s one of several Thanksgivings they celebrate throughout the year, to honor different harvests. That same year, Tisquantum, later known as Squanto, and 19 other Wampanoag men were lured on to an English ship, taken captive and sold into slavery. It usually draws more than 1,000 attendees on Thanksgiving Day, but this year organizers are encouraging people who don’t live nearby to watch the livestream to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19. Such disease outbreaks would be common in Wampanoag areas for the next 30 years or so. When the Mayflower pilgrims and the Wampanoag sat down for the first Thanksgiving in 1621, it wasn’t actually that big of a deal. Five weeks after docking the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims … Long before the arrival of the Pilgrims, the Wampanoag held frequent Thanksgiving-like celebrations, giving thanks in the form of feasts and ceremonial games. But perhaps the best starting point, according to Peters and other historians, is 1616, when a lethal pandemic tore through many Wampanoag villages. Write to Olivia B. Waxman at olivia.waxman@time.com. In this version of the Thanksgiving story, the holiday commemorates the peaceful, friendly meeting of English settlers and the Wampanoag tribe for three days of feasting and thanksgiving in 1621. All Rights Reserved. “It’s somewhat ironic that on the 400th anniversary of acknowledging this point in history, we are forced to stay home and stay separate and feel that fear and uncertainty and some of the things that my ancestors were dealing with in a much more severe fashion,” adds Aquinnah Wampanoag Councilman Jonathan James-Perry, 44, who is featured in an online exhibit Listening to Wampanoag Voices: Beyond 1620 hosted by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. By signing up you are agreeing to our, Northeastern University Student Sent Back to Iran Despite Valid Visa, Judge's Order As Immigration Attorneys Warn of 'Troubling' Pattern, Sign up to receive the top stories you need to know now on politics, health and more, © 2021 TIME USA, LLC. Four hundred years ago, the Wampanoag were reeling from an epidemic that nearly wiped out the village of Patuxet. After that harvest, they honored him with a feast. Most historians agree that 50 Pilgrims came together for a 3-day harvest celebration and feast in 1621. “Being a Wampanoag person in this time of year, it’s always striking that we tell this story of the Pilgrims and the Indians, and yet the Wampanoag people are often times left out of this telling of this story. Relations between the settlers and the Native people would deteriorate into the devastating King Philip's War, which ended with death, enslavement or displacement for the majority of the Native people living in southern New England. secretary, which could help as well. Or in 1614, when a Nauset (Cape Cod) tribe member named Epenow was captured by Europeans and kept in bondage for three years. She hopes that, just as the Black Lives Matter movement raised awareness of white supremacy, racism and attention to Black perspectives, the event is a reminder to listen to indigenous people. "Our systems were not used to the illnesses that came with the Europeans and the Pilgrims. “How are we supposed to improve on this sorry record if we don’t understand the sorry record?” asked Silverman, a George Washington University professor. The stories of disease ravaging the Wampanoag population, which so closely mirror that of the modern pandemic, are just one of many aspects that get left out of America’s Thanksgiving history. On a parallel track, the story of the Pilgrim forefathers coming to the New World and founding America for religious freedom gained steam, as New England Protestants wielded the myth to gain the top spot in the country’s cultural hierarchy, above Catholics and immigrants, according to historian David Silverman in his book “This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving.”. They lived in wetus, which were dome shaped huts formed of tree limbs and covered with tall, th… But the matter is not resolved, and while the tribe awaits Interior’s new decision, it is hoping for permanent protection through an act of Congress. The Mashpee tribe has also had its own challenges internally, as its chairman was arrested on Nov. 13 and charged with accepting bribes in connection with plans to build a casino. Now, every year in the United States, many people celebrate this day as Thanksgiving. Throughout the season, the Wampanoag made their presence known but did not approach until February, when Samoset, a visiting Abenaki tribesman from Maine, approached Pilgrim leaders. Wampanoag people have always held many seasonal thanksgiving ceremonies. This Thanksgiving, the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe is hoping to educate the public on the history of the holiday. This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving (Book) Book Details. Wampanoag members were not even invited, but they showed up. NEW YORK — Members of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe appeared in Thursday's 94th Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. “We needed a friend,” Peters said. Weetoomoo Carey, 8, left, and Jackolynn Carey, 5, Wampanoag Nipmucs from Mashpee, look across to the Mayflower replica anchored near Plymouth Rock on Nov. 26, 1991. It’s kind of like a resounding mantra, we’re still here.”. And, after generations of trading secondhand and thirdhand for coveted European goods from neighboring Native peoples, the Wampanoag would finally gain a firsthand source and considerable trading power. She and her son have helped to incorporate the Wampanoag perspective into events around the 400th anniversary of the Pilgrims’ landing in Cape Cod this month. Find out how the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Native Americans celebrated the first Thanksgiving together at Plymouth Plantation. This three-day celebration involving the entire village and about 90 Wampanoag has been celebrated as a symbol of cooperation and interaction between English … It also doesn’t start a year later, with the Pilgrims and the native Wampanoag all sitting together to “break bread” and celebrate their first successful harvest and a long, harmonious relationship to come. Half of them died of illness, cold, starvation or a combination of the three. Several weeks later, in late March, diplomatic relations between the two groups formally opened when Massasoit arrived in Plymouth, his face painted deep red, and flanked by about 60 intimidating warriors. Years later, relations turned sour, leading to war, many deaths, and great diminishment of the Wampanoag tribe. Tradition dictates the Pilgrims’ story starts in September 1620, with the departure of the Mayflower, packed with colonists and sailors, leaving England to set sail for the New World. It's not right.”. Find out why. Its telling builds the empathy that has been sorely lacking when it comes to Native American lives. There’s a reason this part of the story did not make it into school history books and pageants or get remembered on Thanksgiving. It’s a bittersweet memory. Don't believe everything your kindergarten teacher told you, Pilgrims’ arrival in Provincetown 400 years ago spawned a clash of cultures, The beginning of American democracy on Cape Cod, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. We didn't go away, we adapted.". Each sachemship was independent but had relationships with the other sachemships, all coming under the purview of the great sachem. They were with a group of Native Americans gathered for a day of mourning in response to the Pilgrims' Thanksgiving, Suzanne Kreiter—The Boston Globe/Getty Images, The Wampanoag Nation Singers and Dancers, including Jonathan James-Perry (L) and Kitty Hendricks Miller (C) perform at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum on Nov. 29, 2019 in Boston to commemorate Native American Heritage Month. "Out of the 69 tribes of just Wampanoag people who lived here pre-contact, only three — the Herring Pond, the Aquinnah and the Mashpee, plus a band of Assonet peoples, are still here," said Troy Currence, a medicine man with the Herring Pond Tribe. “Many white Americans hold it very dear, the idea that the main impetus for colonization was the search for religious freedom,” Silverman said. “Even though it’s inaccurate, we can’t just bury it,” he said. It also has an ally in President-elect Joe Biden, whose tribal nations platform indicates he’s on the side of the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe—and Biden is reportedly vetting a Native American to be Interior Dept. When the Mayflower anchored off what is now known as Provincetown, the Pilgrims found themselves not in a vast, untouched land held for them by divine providence, but amid indigenous people wary and distrustful of Europeans, and the complex politics of rival tribes. Only Squanto was immortalized in the Pilgrim story. As Americans looked for an origin story that wasn’t soaked in the blood of Native Americans or built on the backs of slavery, the humble, bloodless story of the 102 Pilgrims forging a path in the New World in search of religious freedom was just what they needed, according to Silverman. We didn’t go away, we adapted. We survived. In 1963, these two tracks crossed when President John F. Kennedy, whose family frolicked in the home of the native Nauset and Aquinnah people on Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard, immortalized them in his own Thanksgiving Day proclamation, baking the plaits together like the bread broken and shared in the mythic first Thanksgiving feast. But there is a big difference between these ancient and ongoing celebrations and the Pilgrims' first harvest festival which led to the establishment of the National holiday now known as Thanksgiving. This year, because of COVID-19, her family’s gathering will be smaller than usual. Since then, Peters, a Mashpee Wampanoag tribe member, has promoted education about the real history behind the Thanksgiving holiday. It also is not the one you’ll find at Pilgrim Memorial Park in Plymouth, home of the famed Plymouth Rock and the Mayflower II, a replica of the cargo ship turned people carrier the Pilgrims crammed into to cross the Atlantic. Sachems ruled by the will of the people. reportedly vetting a Native American to be Interior Dept. “I don’t think anyone at that point would have gone into an agreement with the Pilgrims if they knew how quickly they would multiply and start arriving,” Peters said. The native life doesn’t hold the same value. More recently, the Trump administration has been working to revoke reservation status for hundreds of acres of previously recognized Mashpee Wampanoag tribal lands. The Wampanoag Trading Post and Gallery is featuring an exhibit of artwork and movies by and about the tribe at its Mashpee Commons location and at a vacant storefront across the street. Trying to move that focus, as Michele Pecoraro and Plymouth 400 have done for their commemoration, comes with pushback — people saying they shouldn’t use their organization and the 400th anniversary to disparage the Pilgrims. It would have been a hugely complex situation. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our. “We needed an ally. “For me, that’s a really important place to start, because you understand the big decisions that were made,” Peters said. Tisquantum, who spent time in Spain and London, would later return to Patuxet, and he and Epenow would play important roles in burgeoning Wampanoag-Pilgrim relations. The Pilgrims’ main concerns were their own survival in the New World and turning a profit for those who backed the venture. To bring the commemorations into the 21st century, Pecoraro and her group worked to elevate the voices of the Wampanoag, who still live in southern New England. As these debates were happening among the Wampanoag, the Pilgrims, most of whom were still living on the cramped and creaking Mayflower, struggled to survive the winter. Likely, it was just a routine English harvest celebration. The 51st annual National Day of Mourning will still take place at Plymouth Rock. In the early 17th century, some estimates say there were more than 40,000 Wampanoag people in New England. The COVID-19 pandemic has only compounded the feeling of loss as participants remember fellow Native Americans who have died of the coronavirus, especially in the Navajo Nation. “Most historians believe what happened was Massassoit got word there was a tremendous amount of gun fire coming from the Pilgrim village,” Turner said, “so he thought … After an arduous process lasting more than three decades, the Mashpee Wampanoag were re-acknowledged as a federally recognized tribe in 2007. As Silverman writes in his book, future annual encounters between the two would follow this same high-tension pattern. I didn’t know enough then as a second grader that I could challenge her, but I think that I’ve challenged that second-grade teacher ever since. That survival was made possible with help from the Wampanoag, the piece left unsaid at the feast that would become Thanksgiving. … "We weren't used to diseases here," said Hazel Currence, an elder with the Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe, which lived in Patuxet. But his decision to allow the Pilgrims to stay at Patuxet and eventually provide them aid after they were driven off the Cape, Peters said, had less to do with a sense of dutiful benevolence and more to do with a careful weighing of circumstances and outcomes. Further threatening the existence of the Wampanoag, the Narragansett Tribe, their powerful western rivals, were left largely untouched. Silverman, David J. In 1970 Frank James of the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe was asked to speak to commemorate the 350th Anniversary of the Mayflower voyage. “The epidemic that decimated Wampanoag people just before arrival of Mayflower swept away a majority of their population,” says David J. Silverman, historian and author of This Land is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving. We’re still here. By the 1670s Massasoit was dead and his son Wamsutta had died after he was imprisoned in Plymouth for negotiating a land sale to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Find out why. As for that 1621 feast — the supposed genesis of today’s Thanksgiving tradition — there was a small feast, but the Wampanoag were not invited, they showed up later. The head of another of Massasoit’s sons, Metacomet, better known as King Philip, was mounted on a pike outside Plymouth Colony as a warning, and the descendants of Massasoit, the Pilgrims’ great “protector and preserver,” were captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies. From their point of view, whatever benefit they might gain would not be worth the threat of betrayal, violence and enslavement that seemed to follow contact with the Europeans. That contact with Europeans “brought plague and disease and pretty much almost wiped us out, so it’s not as much a cause for celebration,” says Kitty Hendricks-Miller, 62, Indian Education Coordinator at the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe. His remarks were censored and he declined the invitation and made his speech instead in the shadow of the statue of Massasoit on Cole’s Hill in Plymouth on Thanksgiving Day. "We're lucky to be one of them. “There’s a place where those things do belong, as a point that we don’t make that mistake ever again.”. “It would have been a hugely complex situation.”. Much of the meal’s meaning was added in the 19th century, when the nation was divided over slavery and the Civil War, as an opportunity to encourage Americans to come together under a federal holiday. “If you ask the general public, even educated people, that's the most common explanation. “I think if we can get people to come to terms with the history and the way it happened, they can start to look at Native American lives on the same plane as European lives,” he said. In March 1621, when Plymouth's survival was hanging in the balance, the Wampanoag sachem (or chief), Ousamequin (Massasoit), and Plymouth's governor, John Carver, declared their people's friendship for each other and a commitment to mutual defense. “It’s not a fun story,” Peters said, but its telling brings the focus away from the white Europeans, the Pilgrims, and shifts the balance back to the people who were harmed. The more historically accurate telling is gaining a foothold in small circles, as members of the Herring Pond, Mashpee and Aquinnah Wampanoag tribes; Michele Pecoraro, executive director of Plymouth 400, who is helping lead the anniversary commemoration; and Silverman bring the documented facts to light. The Wampanoag consisted of many different smaller tribes, which totaled about 15,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. “We are once again 400 years later, in the midst of a pandemic and in the midst of a land grab and argument over jurisdiction and the ability of colonial law to recognize the rights of the people being colonized,” says Deetz. But starting there ignores years of European contact with the Native people of New England, and paints the Wampanoag and their neighbors in the broad stroke of simplicity, ignoring the complex regional relationships and politicking at play. “I raised my hand, and I said no that’s not true, I’m a Wampanoag, and I’m still here. A group of about 100 men and Massasoit came not to celebrate but, according to Peters, mostly as a reminder that they controlled the land the Pilgrims were staying on and they vastly outnumbered their new European neighbors. Now there are estimated to be 4,000-5,000. Five weeks after docking the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims sailed away to find land better-suited to grow the crops they wanted, and ended up in Patuxet, the Wampanoag name for the area where they established Plymouth Colony. “When we’re there together, there is a really profound sense of solidarity and hope for the future that all of us being together and listening to one another that that can lead to a better future to everyone.”, These events are opportunities to talk about the ways people are “thriving,” not just surviving. Peters usually holds a “prayer fire” in her yard, gathering around a fire pit, offering tobacco (putting it in the fire) where prayers are said to remember ancestors and express gratitude generally. More: Not all Native Americans celebrate Thanksgiving. So by 1620, the Wampanoag, as Peters describes, were in a “difficult spot,” shaped by years of volatile contact with Europeans, slavery, regional threats to their power and a mysterious, devastating illness. In the fall of 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag shared an autumn harvest feast. Not all Native Americans celebrate Thanksgiving. The Pilgrims spent only a few weeks of 1620 in the Wampanoag village of Patuxet, which they would rename Plimoth (now Plymouth), and they certainly didn’t step off onto Plymouth Rock. Teach students about this period in American history with Thanksgiving activities, resources, lesson plans, and teaching ideas about the voyage of the Mayflower, the daily life of the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag, and the first Thanksgiving … At the same time, Peters does not think Thanksgiving should go the way of Confederate statues and names of slaveholders on buildings as the nation reckons with its history. But when you’ve been telling a story one way for four centuries, any change feels like a monumental one, she said. Visitors to the Pilgrim Monument and Provincetown Museum pause to examine a new exhibit about early interactions between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag tribe in Provincetown, MA on Aug. 27. But while our nation’s inaugural harvest party was a crust-free affair, squash were a staple for the Wampanoag tribe that mixed with … At the same time, colonists were pressing deeper and deeper across the region. The Wampanoag, which translates to Easterners, inhabited the eastern part of present day Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Steven Peters, a spokesman for the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, stands in a gallery opened for Native American Heritage Month. The traditional story of Thanksgiving, and by extension the Pilgrims  — the one repeated in school history books and given the Peanuts treatment in "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" — doesn’t start in 1620, with the cold and seasick Pilgrims stepping off the Mayflower onto Plymouth Rock. “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion and contrary to law,”. The guns, knives and armor the Pilgrims carried would intimidate enemies threatening Wampanoag territory. “When she mentioned we’re all dead, that was devastating,” Peters, 61, recalled to TIME. Illustrations of what the first Thanksgiving might have looked like often depict Massasoit Ousamequin, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe, accepting an invitation from the Pilgrims of Plymouth to join them in a feast. She and her son have helped to incorporate the Wampanoag perspective into events around the 400th anniversary of the Pilgrims’ landing in Cape Cod this month. “No one has acknowledged these atrocities happened,” Peters said, bringing up King Philip's War. Please try again later. With Tisquantum acting as a broker, the two groups worked out a kind of alliance through a series of visits, exchanges and the belief, at least on the part of the Wampanoag, that this small band of Pilgrims would stay just that: small. The story could start a century earlier, in 1524, at the first known contact between Native Americans in southern New England and Europeans, in Narragansett Bay near Aquidneck Island. “When the colonists came over in the 17th century, they had to get rid of us in one form or fashion or another whether it as converting us, moving us, annihilating us, or shipping us out of the country into slavery, and I just wish people knew that because this history is not yet well known, but that’s what it took for America to be what it is today and for people to sit down to have their Thanksgiving dinner.”. The teacher said they were all dead. But in the same way the real story stretches back before the arrival of the Pilgrims, it stretches forward. They probably ate vegetables, seafood and maybe a duck or goose. That decision was made by Ousamequin, more commonly known as Massasoit, which means “great sachem.” In a structure that Peters says was far closer to a democratic government than the Pilgrim government, Wampanoag territory was organized into sachemships, each with a sachem — a leader — who would oversee that particular village. ", A nation diminished: Pilgrims’ arrival in Provincetown 400 years ago spawned a clash of cultures, Mayflower Compact:The beginning of American democracy on Cape Cod. The decision to help the Pilgrims, whose ilk had been raiding Native villages and enslaving their people for nearly a century, came after they stole Native food and seed stores and dug up Native graves, pocketing funerary offerings, as described by Pilgrim leader Edward Winslow in “Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth,” published in 1622. Seasonal Thanksgiving ceremonies changes your perspective. ” the tribe is one of several currently under lockdown due to illnesses... 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