[57] The rebels raided a mail coach, stole the passenger's money and looked for information about the progress of the rebellion in London, Ontario. [40] Fitzgibbon warned the men of rebels forging pikes north of the city and he was appointed adjutant general of the militia. Rolph and Baldwin relayed the rejection to the rebels, and Rolph told Mackenzie that they should attack as soon as possible because the city was poorly defended. Of the latter group, a few men were sent to serve time in the Provincial Penitentiary at Kingston. Rolph and Morrison were reluctant about the plan so Mackenzie sought Anthony Van Egmond to help lead the armed forces. However, its leaders, including William Lyon Mackenzie, were equally serious in their demands. The leaders, William Lyon Mackenzie (Reformers) and Louis-Joseph Papineau (Patriotes), both escape to the U.S. Revolts in Upper and Lower Canada. [75] Dent wrote that the rebellion caused England to notice the concerns of Canadian reformers and reconsider their colonial rule of the province. Radical politician William Lyon Mackenzie leads a rebellion against the colonial government of Upper Canada on December 5th, 1837. [33] After the Battle of Saint-Denis Fitzgibbon prepared a list of men that he could contact personally if a rebellion began in Toronto. [73] Other rebels were also sentenced to hang and ninety-two men were sent to Van Diemen's Land. leaders, such as Robert Baldwin, to reshape the reform movement along Sir Francis Bond Head, the Lt. Gov. The more recent trend is to dismiss the rebellions as unnecessary. [26] Farmers organised target practice sessions and forges in the Home District and Simcoe County created weapons for the rebellion. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. [55] Morrison was arrested and charged with treason while Rolph sent a letter encouraging Mackenzie to send the rebels home then fled to the United States. As part of this satire, he published a draft republican constitution for the State of Upper Canada that closely resembled the objectives in the constitution of the Canadian Alliance Society in 1834. The rebels from Toronto travelled to the United States in groups of two. [34] Mackenzie printed broadsheets listing grievances and a call to arms to communities surrounding Toronto. Upper & Lower Canada faced many problems which led to The Rebellion of 1837. [30], The next day Mackenzie convinced John Rolph that a rebellion could be successful and happen without anyone being killed. other  It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. Responding to the discontent in Upper Canada (now part of Ontario), he The records in the 1837 Rebellion Losses of Upper Canada are organized in this document by District. [45], On December 4, Mackenzie and other rebels were patrolling the area and encountered Alderman John Powell (Canadian politician) and Archibald Macdonald (Canadian politician). [32] Mackenzie sought out support in rural communities but he also proclaimed that an armed rebellion would happen on December 7 and assigned Samuel Lount and Anthony Anderson as commanders. Lord Gosford (1835–38). In the meantime, filibusters from the United States, the Hunter Patriots , formed a small militia and attacked Windsor, Upper Canada , to support the Canadian Patriotes. Mackenzie ignored the letter and continued his plan for rebellion. In 1834, he became the first mayor of Toronto. That afternoon a sentinel reported the government force's arrival from Gallows Hill. for service during the rebellions. [50] Rolph and Robert Baldwin met the rebel troops at Gallows Hill and stated the government's proposal of full amnesty to the rebels if they dispersed immediately. The rebellion led directly to Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, and to The British North America Act, 1840, which partially reformed the British provinces into a unitary system, leading to the formation of Canada as a nation in 1867. of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. The rebellions of 1837-1838 in Upper and Lower Canada constitute one of the most important episodes of this history. If the farmer refused to come to court in Toronto, they would automatically forfeit the case and their property subjected to a sheriff's sale. Upon receiving Rolph's message Lount marched a group of rebels into Toronto for December 4. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: Read, Colin, Stagg, Ronald J.: 9780886290269: Books - Amazon.ca They prepared a petition to the Crown protesting the abuses, carried to London by Charles Duncombe, but the Colonial Office refused to hear him. He led the rebellion in Upper Canada. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. [11] The Reformers won a majority in the elections held in 1834 for the Legislative Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada but the Family Compact held the majority in the Legislative Council. The rebels refused to march until daylight. Following the Rebellion in Upper Canada "The rebellion had failed. In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. Over 800 people were arrested after the rebellion for being Reform sympathisers. The Reformers urged that Mackenzie, Duncombe and other rebel leaders fled with about 200 followers to to withdraw on 14 January, after Canadian volunteers burned the rebel ship, Caroline. They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, Jan 1, 1837, 26 Patriotes resist arrest by the authorities who were led by John Colborne Oct 9, 1837, Mackenzie and followers attempt to take Toronto armoury Dec 7, 1837, Montgomerey Tavern Jan 13, 1838, Rebels attacked by Brits and then flee The rebels dispersed in a panic after the first round of firing thinking the rebel's front row had been killed when they were simply dropping to the ground to allow those behind them to fire. Mackenzie and his followers also opposed a system of land gra… While it shrank, it became more violent, mainly through the support of the Hunters' Lodges, a secret United States-based militia that emerged around the Great Lakes, and launched the Patriot War in 1838–39. Colonel Allan MacNab, who had just finished leading Upper Canadian militiamen during the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, was sent to engage Duncombe's uprising. Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. Onto the Upper Canada Rebellion, or as others call it, the Farmers’ Revolt. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. The rebellions, and their more limited counterpart in Upper Canada in 1837, led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and the Durham Report. [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. [28] Mackenzie gathered reformers at John Doel's brewery and proposed kidnapping Bond Head, bringing him to city hall and forcing him to let the Legislature choose the members of the Executive Council. (Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered [53] The rebels believed there were several battalions of troops firing upon them and several ran away. Sir Francis Bond Head and the rash behaviour of William Lyon Mackenzie. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents. Debt collection laws allowed them to be jailed indefinitely until they paid their loans to merchants. Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. William Lyon Mackenzie (not William Lyon Mackenzie King) led the rebellion of Upper Canada in 1837. [50] Instead, Mackenzie spent the day burning down the house of Bank of Upper Canada official and questioning the loyalty of his troops. However, the mainstream historical view is that the uprising had limited support and was largely an accident. [61] The armed forces were split into two companies and went to fields on both sides of Yonge Street. and  [60], Anthony Van Egmond arrived at the tavern on December 7 and encouraged the rebel leaders to disperse, as he felt the rebellion would not be a success. These policies favoured r… During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. They agreed to send sixty men to the Don Bridge to divert government troops. Reform Party, political movement in Canada West (later called Upper Canada from 1841 to 1867; now Ontario) and the Maritime Provinces that came into prominence shortly before 1837. [4], The Family Compact dominated the government of Upper Canada and the financial and religious institutions associated with it. William Lyon Mackenzie (1795-1861) was a Canadian rebel who led the failed 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada (now Ontario).A puritan with a mission to bring democracy to Canada, and a tireless journalist, he dominated the political opposition to the hated pro-British Tories. Rebellion of 1837 Battles º Amherstburg (Fort Malden) the battle º Battle of St. Eustache between British troops and French-Canadian Patriotes, was the largest clash during the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 [picture] Rebellion of 1837 Miscellaneous º John D. Servos Epaulettes worn in War of 1812 and Rebellion of 1837 The rebels without arms were sent to the tavern with their prisoners. Although Lount wanted to launch an attack that night, other rebels leaders rejected that plan so that the troops could rest after their march and they could get information from Rolph about the status of rebels who lived in Toronto. When hearing about this change, Mackenzie quickly tried to send a messenger to Lount to tell him not to arrive until December 7 but was unable to reach Lount in time. The more extreme elements in the Reform movement then began to mobilize under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie. Their revolt was smaller and less deadly. incursions in the southwest. [73] A general pardon for everyone but Mackenzie was issued in 1845, and Mackenzie himself was pardoned in 1849 and allowed to return to Canada, where he resumed his political career. He was forced On 8 January 1838, the Upper Canadian militia and a 50-man Coloured Corps under the command of Black community leader Josiah Henson captured the sailboat Anne. Leader of the English reformers in Lower Canada. The impact of the Upper Canadian insurgency is equally debatable. [47] The rebel leaders met that night to discuss who would become the rebellion's leader after the death of Anderson and Lount's refusal to lead on his own. The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837. He was a powerful public speaker who inspired his people. The rebels set up a roadblock south of the tavern on Yonge Street that Moodie tried riding through. Louis-Joseph Papineau and his Patriotes, as well as more moderates led the rebellion in Lower Canada. Rockford, IL – “ Enoch was elected Captain of the rebels at Malahide, Ontario during the Rebellions of 1837. Some historians sympathize with the rebels and believe they represented the voice of the majority, or at least of the colonial working classes. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. The Executive Council resigned, provoking widespread discontent and an election in 1834. Rebellion in Upper Canada. They were easily dispersed by government volunteers under the command of Sir Allan Napier MacNab. Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada in 1837. In the aftermath of the 1837-1838 rebellion in Upper Canada, the government was faced with over 800 political prisoners. It was not until a revolt broke out in Lower Canada though that Anglophone rebels like William Lyon Mackenzie decided to launch the hot mess that was the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. [24], The Upper Canada legislature refused to pass a supply bill in 1836 after Bond Head refused to implement responsible government reforms. In, M.S. Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). The large number of migrants led American legislators to speculate that bringing Upper Canada into the American fold would be a "mere matter of marching". just upriver from the falls. The Compact dominated the running of the government. After the War of 1812 the colonial government prevented Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. However, the remaining rebels thought their comrades he first sought to pressure the government by organizing a network of political unions and a boycott of imported goods. They controlled the system of patronagethroughout the colony and used political office and influence to further their own business interests. The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada, Images from the McCord Museum's collections, accessdate 2006-12-10; To the Outskirts of Habitable Creation: Americans and Canadians Transported To Tasmania In The 1840s by Stuart D. Scott and Illustrated by Seth Colby. Buckner, Phillip A. . [48], At noon on December 5, Mackenzie gathered the rebels and marched them towards Toronto. The rebels fled north and the morale of the rebellion was irreparably broken. [31] Rolph convinced Morrison to support the rebellion but they also told Mackenzie to get confirmation of support from rural communities. He also entered into a working relationship with reformers in Lower Canada. William Lyon Mackenzie, Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. Protestant groups. The United States attempted to capture Upper Canada, but … John Charles Dent, writing in 1885, said the rebellion was a reaction from the public of the government mismanagement of the minority ruling elite. A large number of the settlers were of American origin. Toronto,  [17] The movement was disappointed when Bond Head made it clear he had no intention of consulting the Executive Council in the daily operations of the administration. Government loyalists dispersed the rebels with a few shots, ending Mackenzie's erratic attempt to overthrow the colonial government. Both men favoured an American style of government. This made them ineligible for land grants. This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. [42] The men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern but were disappointed at the lack of preparation and the failure of the Lower Canada rebels. In March 1837 the Tories passed a law making it cheaper to sue farmers by allowing city merchants to sue in the middle of harvest. Fitzgibbon was appointed commander of the government's forces. at the front had been killed. This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. With the help of American volunteers, the various rebel groups launched raids against Upper Canada. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, later known as Canada West then Ontario in 1867, was originally organized in Districts. Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. [27], On October 9 1837, a messenger from the Patriotes informed Mackenzie that the rebellion in Lower Canada was going to begin. Mackenzie also attacked other travellers and robbed them or questioned them about the revolt. William Lyon MacKenzie led those in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada had Louis-Joseph Papineau as their leader. This included the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada and the eventual introduction of responsible government. [20] Reformers such as Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the Legislature and they alleged that the election was fraudulent. For example, William Allan "was an executive councillor, a legislative councillor, President of the Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad, Governor of the British American Fire and Life Assurance Company and President of the Board of Trade. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. Compared to the Lower Canada Rebellion, the initial portion of the Upper Canada Rebellion was short and disorganized. This view holds that the rebellion was caused by the inexcusable partisanship of lieutenant-governor  Quebec. The union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835 and adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. The Rebellions of 1837: Canada’s First and Last Revolt. This kept the border in a state of turmoil for nearly a year. The insurgency in Lower Canada inspired anglophone radicals in Upper Canada to take their own action against the Crown. They wanted democratic reform and an end to the rule of a privileged oligarchy. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. the United States. The Compact dominated the running of the government. While these rebellions differed in that they also struggled for republicanism, they were inspired by similar social problems stemming from poorly regulated oligarchies, and sought the same democratic ideals, which were also shared by the United Kingdom's Chartists.[1][2][3]. With the support of Americans who wished to liberate Canada from British rule, Mackenzie took control of Navy Island in the Niagara River, James Fitzgibbon. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. It had been supplying Mackenzie’s forces and was set adrift over the falls. In retaliation Bond Head refused to sign any bills passed by the assembly, including public work projects. [22], Among the more than 150 lawsuits they launched that year, the Bank of Upper Canada, sued Sheldon, Dutcher & Co., a foundry and Toronto's largest employer with over 80 employees in late 1836, bankrupting the company. He persuaded his more radical followers to draft a republican constitution for Upper Canada modelled on that of the United States. [51], A few hours later Rolph sent a messenger to Mackenzie that Toronto rebels were ready for their arrival to the city and Mackenzie marched his troops towards Toronto. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. Hundreds of other Reformers fled the country to escape punishment. [52] A group of twenty-six men led by Samuel Jarvis met the rebels on their march and fired upon them before running away. Their objective was to engage a smaller force of armed government loyalists and militia. [62] Bond Head ordered the tavern to be burned down and the rebels arrested. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. They obtained supplies from supporters in the United States, resulting in British reprisals (see Caroline affair). There is continuing debate about who was responsible for the rebellion and the degree of popular support it enjoyed. passed in 1840. "[6] Members of the Family Compact utilized their official positions for monetary gain, especially through corporations such as the Bank of Upper Canada, and the two land companies (the Clergy Corporation and the Canada Company) that between them controlled two-sevenths of the land in the province. Two countries that fought in the war of 1812. Clergy reserves, the family compact/chateau clique, responsible government. It was a classic example of a situation in which the class contradictions reached a point where an open confrontation had to breakout. Amid these tensions, there was also economic depression in the 1830s. He also urged them to seize control of the government. In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. On 8 December, a force of about 1,000 volunteers loyal to the government dispersed the remaining rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern. The front rank of the rebel force returned fire and then dropped to the ground, to assume a safer firing position. Download books for free. In 1812, war broke out between Great Britain and the United States, leading to several battles in Upper Canada. It is estimated that there were between 400 and 500 rebels who assembled under Duncombe.[66]. In the early 19th Century, Upper Canada was the newest and most underdeveloped of the colonies of British North America. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique Few historians see any necessary political connection with the rebellion in Lower Canada. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. However, many reformers, including Bidwell, fled to the US. Enoch and his brothers comprised one of the most active Loyalist families to join the rebels. In the 1820s, settlers of American origin were also denied political rights, including the choice to swear allegiance to the Crown. (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. The Scottish-born newspaper publisher and politician was a fierce critic of the Family Compact. It was felt hardest by the colony's farmers. Mackenzie disagreed and wanted to attack the government troops. The ensuing conflicts along the border led to many more executions, deaths and deportations than the original commander of all government forces organized to crush the rebellion in Upper Canada. [44] Another horseman saw the rebel's march into Toronto and notified Fitzgibbon, who tried unsuccessfully to have officials take action. Although initially believing the government's position was untenable he was inspired by a company of men that formed to defend the government. [36], Bond Head did not believe the reports that stated the severity of resources and discontent gathered by the rebels. William Lyon Mackenzie A Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. There was a time when Mackenzie’s supporters, notably his grandson William Lyon Mackenzie King, argued that the rebellion hastened the advent … (See also: Battle of Windmill.) The linkage of the "fight for responsible government" with disloyalty was solidified by the Rebellion of 1837, as reformers took up arms to finally break the "baneful domination" of the mother country. [8] Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature – which had chartered the bank – could not obtain details on the bank's workings. [46] As they were approaching Montgomery's Tavern Powell mortally shot Anthony Anderson in the neck and escaped back to Toronto to report to Bond Head. Early attempts to push through political reform, led by those such as Robert Baldwin, were moderate and unsuccessful. [67] The victorious Tory supporters burned homes and farms of known rebels and suspected supporters. William Lyon Mackenzie took charge of the reformers in … Democratic reform and an end to the rule of the privileged oligarchy. Many rebels fled to the United States, where they organized several raids against Upper Canada in 1838. Reformist leaders such as Marshall Spring Bidwell, who had been Speaker of the Assembly, It had ferried rebel troops between Detroit and Windsor. Leader of the Parti Canadien, an MLA Some were held for only a few days, while others were dealt with more harshly. The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions. December 05, 1837. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) Mackenzie was a Scottish-born politician and newspaper publisher. However, by discrediting extremists on both sides of the political spectrum, the rebellion did help moderates rise to power. The root cause of resentment in Upper Canada was against the corruption and injustice by local politicians. This was something the British minority in Lower Canada, particularly the merchant class, had long demanded. [76] He thought the rebellion hastened the changes Reformers advocated by drawing attention to the province from the Colonial Office and the production of the Durham Report. However, he succeeded in helping to cause the rebellion. The Act of Union was Upper and Lower Canada & The Rebellions of 1837. However, the British government in London was very concerned about the rebellion, especially in light of the strong popular support for the rebels in the United States and the more serious … In pursuit of this democratic goal, the Chartists eventually staged a similar armed rebellion, the Newport Rising, in Wales in 1839. They mounted major raids at Pelee Island in Lake Erie in February, at Short Hills in June, at  Rebellion of 1837-1838 aka Patriot War . The rebels continued their raids into Canada using the U.S. as a base of operations and, in cooperation with the U.S. Hunters' Lodges, dedicated themselves to the overthrow of British rule in Canada. Only two of the original rebels, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, were executed by the It was decided that Mackenzie would become the leader. Another 141 prisoners from both Upper and Lower Canada would be sent to Australia. [41], Rolph tried to warn Mackenzie about the warrant for his arrest but could not find him so delivered the message to Lount instead. This contributed to economic hardship and increased unemployment throughout the province. The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837.While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. Farmers were unable to pay their debts out between Great Britain and who led the 1837 rebellion in upper canada... He had hoped British rule would help the French one of the Parti Canadien, an MLA &. 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